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Physics 1999
The prize "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics" was awarded jointly to:
Gerardus 't Hooft, the Netherlands
b. 1946
University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Martinus J.G. Veltman, the Netherlands
b. 1931
CA: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
AA: University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Physics 1998
The prize "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" was awarded jointly to:
Robert B. Laughlin, U.S.A.
b. 1950
CA: Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.
AA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, U.S.A.
WA: Bell Laboratories, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Horst L. Stormer, Germany
b. 1949
CA: Columbia University, New York, New York, U.S.A.
AA: Bell Laboratories, New Jersey, U.S.A.
WA: Bell Laboratories, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Daniel C. Tsui, U.S.A.
b. 1939
CA: Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A.
AA: Bell Laboratories, New Jersey, U.S.A.
WA: Bell Laboratories, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Physics 1997
Chu, Steven, U.S.A
b. 1948,
CA: Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.
AA: Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.
WA: Bell Laboratories, New Jersey, U.S.A in 1985.
Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude, France,
b. 1933,
CA: College de France and École normale supérieure, Paris, France
AA: College de France and École normale supérieure, Paris, France
WA: College de France and École normale supérieure, Paris, France
Phillips, William D., U.S.A.,
b, 1948,
CA: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A.
AA: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A.
WA: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A.
The prize "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light" was awarded jointly to:
Physics 1996
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Lee, David M., U.S.A.,
b. 1931,
CA: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY,
AA: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY,
WA: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
and
Osheroff, Douglas D., U.S.A.,
b. 1945,
CA: Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
AA: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY,
WA: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
and
Richardson, Robert C., U.S.A.,
b. 1937,
CA: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY,
AA: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY,
WA: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
"The Science Behind the Prize" from Cornell University;
"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3".
Physics 1995
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Perl, Martin L., U.S.A.,
b. 1927,
CA: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
AA: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
WA: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
"for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics, specifically for the discovery of the tau lepton "
and
Reines, Frederick , U.S.A.,
b. 1918,
CA: University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA,
AA: University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA,
WA: Hanford, WA and Savannah River Plant, South Carolina
"for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics, specifically for the detection of the neutrino ".
Physics 1994
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Brockhouse, Bertramin N., Canada,
b. 1918,
CA: McMaster Nuclear Reactor, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,
AA: Atomic Energy Project of the Nationa Research Council of Canada (AECL),
WA: Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories, Ottawa, Canada
"for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter, specifically for the development of neutron spectroscopy";
and
Shull, Clifford G., U.S.A.,
b. 1915,
CA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
AA: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN,
WA: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
"for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter, specifically for the development of the neutron diffraction technique".
Physics 1993
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Hulse, Russell A., U.S.A.,
b. 1950,
Princeton University, Princeton, NJ,
and
Taylor, Joseph H., Jr., U.S.A.,
b. 1941,
Princeton University, Princeton, NJ,
"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar , a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation".
Physics 1992
Charpak, Georges , France,
b. 1924, (in Poland),
Ecole Superieure de Physique et Chimie, Paris and CERN, Geneva, Switzerland,
"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber".
Physics 1991
de Gennes, Pierre-Gilles, France,
b. 1932,
College de France, Paris,
Article (French) from L'Attracteur(No.1, Sept. 1995);
"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers".
Physics 1990
The prize was awarded to:
Friedman, Jerome I., U.S.A.,
b. 1930,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
and
Kendall, Henry W., U.S.A.,
b. 1926, d. 1999
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
and
Taylor, Richard E., Canada,
b. 1929,
CA: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
AA: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
WA: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Stanford University, Department of Physics Faculty listing
"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics".
Physics 1989
The prize was divided, with one half awarded to:
Ramsey, Norman F., U.S.A.,
b. 1915,
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA,
Press release: Vannevar Bush Award;
"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks".
and the other half awarded jointly to:
Dehmelt, Hans G., U.S.A.,
b. 1922 (in Gorlitz, Germany),
University of Washington, Seattle, WA,
Physics News Sept. 22, 1995;
and
Paul, Wolfgang, Federal Republic of Germany,
b. 1913,
University of Bonn,
"for the development of the ion trap technique".
Physics 1988
The prize was awarded to:
Lederman, Leon M. , U.S.A.,
b. 1922,
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL,
Bottom quark within the Standard Model;
Papers in the Fermilab Archives;
and
Schwartz, Melvin , U.S.A.,
b. 1932,
CA: AssureNet Pathways (formerly Digital Pathways), Inc., Mountain View, CA,
AA: Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
WA: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
and
Steinberger, Jack , U.S.A.,
b. 1921 (in Bad Kissingen, FRG),
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland,
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon-neutrino".
Physics 1987
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Bednorz, J. Georg, Federal Republic of Germany,
b. 1950,
IBM Research Laboratory, Ruschlikon, Switzerland,
Interview;
and
Muller, Karl Alexander, Switzerland,
b. 1927,
IBM Research Laboratory, R¸schlikon, Switzerland,
"for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials".
Physics 1986
The prize was divided, with one half awarded to:
Ruska, Ernst, Federal Republic of Germany,
b. 1906, d. 1988,
Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin,
"
for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope".and the other half jointly to:
Binnig, Gerd, Federal Republic of Germany,
b. 1947,
IBM Research Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland,
and
Rohrer, Heinrich, Switzerland,
b. 1933,
IBM Research Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland,
"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope".
Physics 1985
Von Klitzing, Klaus, Federal Republic of Germany,
b. 1943,
Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart,
(Polish);
"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect".
Physics 1984
The prize was awarded jointly to:
Rubbia, Carlo , Italy,
b. 1934,
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland,
and
Van Der Meer, Simon, the Netherlands,
b. 1925,
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland,
"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction".
Physics 1983
The prize was divided with one half awarded to:
Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan , U.S.A.,
b. 1910 (in Lahore, India), d. 1995,
University of Chicago, Chicago, IL,
"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars".
and the other half awarded to:
Fowler, William Alfred, U.S.A.,
b. 1911, d. 1995,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA,
"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe".
Physics 1982
Wilson, Kenneth G., U.S.A.,
b. 1936,
CA: Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,
AA: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY,
"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions".
Physics 1981
The prize was divided, with one half awarded jointly to:
Bloembergen, Nicolaas, U.S.A.,
b. 1920 (in the Netherlands),
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA,
and
Schawlow, Arthur L., U.S.A.,
b. 1921,
CA: Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
AA: Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
WA: Stanford University, Stanford, CA
"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy ";
and the other half awarded to:
Siegbahn, Kai M. B., Sweden,
b. 1918,
Uppsala University, Uppsala,
"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy".