The magnificent bright rings surrounding the planet Saturn are made up of large numbers of small particles of matter revolving round the planet like thousands of tiny moons. It has been suggested that they are the fragments of a former satellite when went too close to Saturn and was broken up but this has not been proved.

      There are three main rings around the planet. The two outer rings are bright, but the one closest to Saturn is dusky.

      The two brighter rings were discovered in 1610 by the great Italian astronomer Galileo, all though he admitted he did not know what they were. But it was not until 1950 that the third ring was discovered through independent observations both at Harvard College University in the United States and England.

      Radiations can lead to the retention of a potentially harmful amount of radium in one’s bones. Radioactivity resulting from nuclear bomb tests can cause ingenuous quantities of radio-strontium and radio cesium to get into food.

      Radium compound was once used in the manufacture of luminous paint for the numbers on clocks, watches and instrument dials. The girls who painted these had a habit of putting the brush in their mouth’s to get a fine pointed tip. In those days the danger was not realized, and over a long period, many workers observe enough radium to cause death in later years.

      Energy is the power to act. There are several different forms of energy, and one kind can be changed into another kind. But although it can be changed from one form to another it can never be lost. The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant.

      If you strike a match, mechanical and chemical energy is changed into heat energy. The end of a bicycle pump becomes warm after several minutes of pumping, because heat is generated. The battery has chemical energy which passes along the wire as electrical energy which lights the bulb as light and heat energy.

      We depend for large part of our power or steam, diesel and petrol engines in which the chemical energy is stored in the fuel converted first into heat energy, which is then turned in work.

      Fire is the outward sign that oxygen is combining with other substances in a spectacular chemical reaction. As the air is rich in oxygen, many materials will burn freely in a process scientifically called combustion, if their temperature is raised high enough. The French chemist Antione Lavoisier discovered this explanation of what had been considered a mysterious phenomenon in 1783.

      The discovery of fire may have changed early man’s wandering mode of life to more settled one because of an urge to keep the fire burning. It provided him with the new weapon for survival warmed his cave and huts enabled him to cook and helped to scare off dangerous animals.

      In ancient times people in Persia, Egypt, and India believed fire to be sacred and worshiped it as representative of the Sun.

      Astronomers adopted this unit because they found ordinary measurements impractical for coping with the vast distances of space. Using this means, scientists calculate that the Milky Way must be about 100,000 light years in diameter.

      The light form some stars takes million of years to reach us. Andromeda is about 1,800,000light years distant from the earth, although it can be seen with the naked eye. Our nearest star, Proxima Centauri, is about four light years away, while the most brilliant star; Sirius (the Dog Star) is eight and half light years from us.

      His facial expressions vary according to whether the moon is full-completely free of the shadow of the earth-or partly in shadow. When the moon is only a crescent no face can be seen.

      No one mentions the "women in the moon" although most poets through the ages have regarded the moon as famine. St.Francis of Assisi referred to the moon, his sister.